The construction industry confronts persistent challenges of low productivity growth, skilled labour shortages, and elevated safety risks, particularly in mega infrastructure projects where complexity amplifies these issues. This review examines the transformative potential of autonomous construction systems and robotics in addressing these challenges through enhanced productivity, safety, and precision. The objective is to synthesize current knowledge on robotic platforms, AI-integrated automation, and human–robot collaboration frameworks applied to large-scale infrastructure delivery. Key technologies assessed include autonomous earthmoving equipment achieving 20–90% accuracy improvements and up to 2.3 times faster execution, robotic prefabrication systems enabling millimetre-level precision, and unmanned aerial vehicles for real-time site monitoring. Digital integration through Building Information Modeling (BIM)-enabled robotics and digital twin platforms demonstrates alignment error reductions of 64.3–88.3% through semantic point cloud registration. Safety enhancement mechanisms utilizing dynamic protective separation distances achieve monitoring latencies of 0.177 seconds with positional perception errors of 0.09 m. Productivity implications include schedule compression, rework reduction exceeding 50%, and economic benefits projected at £417 billion to the UK economy by 2050. The review concludes that while technical feasibility is established, scalability requires standardized interoperability frameworks, cybersecurity protocols, and workforce transition strategies that balance automation with human expertise.