Earthquakes continue to pose catastrophic risks to urban infrastructure, with recent events demonstrating that life safety alone proves insufficient as a design objective when communities face prolonged disruption from non-functional buildings. This review examines next-generation seismic-resilient structural systems integrating performance-based design frameworks, advanced energy-dissipating technologies, and emerging metamaterial-based wave attenuation strategies. The objective is to synthesize current knowledge on achieving verifiable post-earthquake functionality through nonlinear modeling, probabilistic assessment, and innovative control systems. Key technologies assessed include base isolation achieving period shifts of 2.0–3.0 seconds with acceleration reductions of 50–80%, viscous dampers providing supplemental damping ratios of 15–30%, and shape memory alloy devices enabling recentering capabilities with residual drift elimination. Seismic metamaterials utilizing periodic foundations and barrier arrays achieve frequency bandgaps of 3–15 Hz, attenuating surface waves by 60–90% through destructive interference. Performance-based design frameworks incorporate multiple performance objectives across earthquake intensities, with lifecycle resilience metrics quantifying downtime, repair costs, and functional recovery timeframes. Application domains encompass high-rise buildings, bridge infrastructure, and critical facilities including hospitals and emergency response centers. Economic analysis demonstrates benefit–cost ratios of 2.5–6.0 for enhanced seismic systems when accounting for avoided losses and accelerated recovery. The review concludes that convergence of PBSD methodologies, energy-dissipating devices, and metamaterial concepts enables transformation from collapse prevention to assured functionality, though standardization gaps and validation requirements necessitate continued research investment.