The construction industry accounts for approximately 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with ordinary Portland cement production contributing 8-10% of annual CO2 emissions. This review examines the transformative potential of carbon-negative and self-healing construction materials as pathways toward sustainable infrastructure development. The objective is to synthesize current knowledge on bio-concrete incorporating microbial-induced calcite precipitation, geopolymer binders utilizing industrial by-products, and circular economy frameworks that enable material circularity. Key technologies assessed include bacteria-based self-healing systems capable of sealing cracks up to 0.97 mm and achieving compressive strength gains of 32%, alongside geopolymer formulations that reduce carbon footprint by 60-80% compared to conventional concrete. Carbon sequestration mechanisms through mineral carbonation and biochar incorporation are evaluated for their negative emission potential. Circular economy integration is examined through life-cycle assessment methodologies that demonstrate embodied carbon reductions of 14-72% through material substitution and reuse strategies. Major infrastructure application areas include structural concrete elements, transportation infrastructure, and modular building systems. The review concludes that while technical feasibility is established, scalability requires standardization, long-term durability validation, and policy frameworks that internalize environmental costs.